Download Harrisons Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2nd Edition PDF

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Harrison’s Gastroenterology

Harrisons Gastroenterology Hepatology book information:

EISBN: 0071814892

EISBN-13: 9780071814898

Authors: Dan Longo, Anthony Fauci, Anthony Fauci MD

” Features Complete coverage of must-know gastroenterology and hepatology topics, including cardinal manifestations of disease, differential diagnosis and diagnostic evaluation, management of diseases and disorders, obesity, nutrition, and eating disorders Reflects the most current advances in genetics, cell biology, pathophysiology, and treatment Integration of pathophysiology with clinical management”

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Download Anesthesiology 2nd Edition PDF - David Longnecker

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Anesthesiology text book by David E. Longnecker, It’s the 2nd edition of Anesthesiology. This book is written by David E. Longnecker, MD, FRCA, Mark F. Newman, MD, David L. Brown, MD, Warren M. Zapol, MD.

Anesthesiology-2nd-Edition

ISBN: 978-0-07-174469-0

MHID: 0-07-174469-X

The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-178513-6,

MHID: 0-07-178513-2.

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“Life is no brief candle to me; it is a sort of splendid torch which I’ve got

a hold of for the moment and I want to make it burn as brightly as

possible before handing it on to future generations.”

George Bernard Shaw

Irish playwright (1856–1950)

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1. Bengali 1st Paper Suggestion and Question Patterns of SSC Examination 2015  Bengali 2nd Paper Suggestion and Question Patterns of SSC Examination 2015
2. English 1st Paper Suggestion and Question Patterns of SSC Examination 2015,  English 2nd Paper Suggestion and Question Patterns of SSC Examination 2015
3. Mathematics Suggestion and Question Patterns of SSC Examination 2015
4. Higher Mathematics Suggestion and Question Patterns of SSC Examination 2015
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8. Social Science Suggestion and Question Patterns of SSC Examination 2014
9. Economics Suggestion and Question Patterns of SSC Examination 2015
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Series: Basic Histology
Paperback: 480 pages
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Medical; 13 edition (January 23, 2013)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0071780335
ISBN-13: 978-0071780339
Author: Anthony Mescher

More than 600 full-color illustrations

For more than three decades, Junquiera’s Basic Histology has been unmatched in its ability to explain the relationship between cell and tissue structure with their function in the human body. Updated to reflect the latest research in the field and enhanced with more than 600 full-color illustrations, the thirteen edition of Junqueira’s represents the most comprehensive and modern approach to understanding medical histology available anywhere.

Table of contents

1. Histology and Its Methods of Study

Preparation of Tissues for Study

Light Microscopy

Electron Microscopy

Autoradiography

Cell & Tissue Culture

Histochemistry & Cytochemistry

Detection Methods Using Specific Interactions Between Molecules

Problems in the Study of Tissue Sections
2. The Cytoplasm

Cell Differentiation

Cytoplasmic Organelles

The Cytoskeleteon

Inclusions
3. The Cell Nucleus

Components of the Nucleus

Cell Division

The Cell Cycle

Stem Cells and Tissue Renewal

Meiosis

Apoptosis
4. Epithelial Tissue

Characteristic Features of Epithelial Cells

Specializations of the Apical Cell Surface

Types of Epithelia

Transport Across Epithelia

Renewal of Epithelial Cells
5. Connective Tissue

Cells of Connective Tissue

Fibers

Ground Substance

Types of Connective Tissue
6. Adipose Tissue

White Adipose Tissue

Brown Adipose Tissue
7. Cartilage

Hyaline Cartilage

Elastic Cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Cartilage Formation, Growth and Repair
8. Bone

Bone Cells

Bone Matrix

Periosteum & Endostreum

Types of Bone

Osteogenesis

Bone Growth, Remodeling, & Repair

Metabolic Role of Bone

Joints
9. Nerve Tissue & The Nervous System

Development of Nerve Tissue

Neurons

Glial Cells & Neuronal Activity

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Neural Plasticity & Regeneration
10. Muscle Tissue

Skeletal Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Smooth Muscle

Rengeneration of Muscle Tissue
11. The Circulatory System

Heart

Tissues of the Vascular Wall

Structural Plan of Blood Vessels

Vasculature

Lymphatic Vascular System
12. Blood

Composition of Plasma

Blood Cells
13. Hemopoiesis

Stem Cells, Growth Factors, & Differentiation

Bone Marrow

Maturation of Erythrocytes

Maturation of Granulocytes

Maturation of Agranulocytes

Origin of Platelets
14. The Immune System & Lymphoid Organs

Antigens

Antibodies

Cytokines

Cells of the Immune System

Types of Immune Responses

Lymphoid Tissues

Thymus

Musoca-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

Lymph Nodes

Spleen
15. Digestive Tract

General Structure of the Digestive Tract

Oral Cavity

Esophagus

Stomach

Small Intestine

Large Intestine
16. Organs Associated with the Digestive Tract

Salivary Glands

Pancreas

Liver

Hepatic Lobule Structure & Function

Biliary Tract & Gallbladder
17. The Respiratory System

Respiratory Epithelium

Nasal Cavities

Sinuses & Nasopharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchial Tree & Lung

Pulmonary Vasculature & Nerves

Pleura

Respiratory Movements
18. Skin

Epidermis

Dermis

Subcutaneous Tissue

Vessels & Sensory Receptors

Hair

Nails

Glands of the Skin
19. The Urinary System

Kidneys

Blood Circulation

Ureters, Bladder, & Urethra
20. Endocrine Glands

Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

Adrenal Glands

Pancreatic Islets

Diffuse Neuroendocrine System

Thyroid Gland

Parathyroid Gland

Pineal Gland
21. The Male Reproductive System

Testes

Intratesticular Ducts

Excretory Genital Ducts

Accessory Glands

Penis
22. The Female Reproductive System

Ovaries

Uterine Tubes

Uterus

Vagina

Mammary Glands
23. The Eye and Ear: Special Sense Organs

Eyes: The Photoreceptor System

Ears: The Vestibuloauditory System
Appendix: Light Microscopy Stains

Figure Credits

Index

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Followings are Part of Filtration Barrier

Question: Followings are Part of Filtration Barrier

a) Endothelial Cells

b) Glomerular Basement Membrane

c) Bowman’s Capsule

d) Renal Capsule

e) Mesangial Cells

Answer hint:

When a substance has passed through the glomerular capillary endothelial cells, Glomerular basement membrane and podocytes, then it enters the lumen of the tubules and it is known as glomerular filtrate. Podocytes are sometimes considered as a visceral layer of Bowman’s Capsule rather than part of Glomerulus. Mesangial cells are not part of the filtration barrier but are specialized pericytes that participate indirectly in filtration by contracting and reducing the glomerular surface area and therefore reduced glomerular filtration rate.

Answer of “Followings are Part of Filtration Barrier”

TRUE a) Endothelial Cells

TRUE b) Glomerular Basement Membrane

TRUE c) Bowman’s Capsule

False d) Renal Capsule

False e) Mesangial Cells

 

Followings are Part of Filtration Barrier

Regarding Glomerulus

Question: Regarding Glomerulus

a) is a small tuft of capillaries

b) contains podocytes

c) covered with diaphragm

d) small fenestrae of endothelial cell

e) contains mesangial cells

Answer hint:

Glomerulus is a small tuft of capillaries. Glomerular epithelial cells podocytes put out the long foot process which interdigitate with those of adjacent epithelial cells. Glomerular capillary endothelial cells contain pores. These pores are called fenestrae. They are large fenestrae, are not covered by diaphragm. Which allow access of circulating molecules to the underlying GBM. Mesangial cells lie in the central region of glomerulus.

Answer of Regarding Glomerulus

TRUE a) is a small tuft of capillaries

TRUE b) contains podocytes

FALSE c) covered with diaphragm

FALSE d) small fenestrae of endothelial cell

TRUE e) contains mesangial cells

Regarding Glomerulus

Regarding Renin

Question: Regarding Renin

a) Acts as a enzyme

b) Secreted from Juxtaglomerular apparatus

c) Secreted in response to reduced efferent arteriolar pressure

d) Reduced Na+ content in fluid of distal convoluted tubule causes secretion

e) Plasma renin activity measured in hypertension

Answer hint:

Renin referred to as a hormone although it has no peripheral receptors and rather has an enzymatic activity with which it hydrolyzes angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Renin generates Angiotensin II which causes aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex. Then it causes hypertension. Renin is usually measured as the Plasma Renin Activity (PRA). PRA is measured especially in a case of certain disease that present with hypertension or hypotension. PRA is also raised in certain tumors. PRA measured may be compared to Plasma Aldosterone Concentration.

Answer of Regarding Renin

True a) Acts as a enzyme

True b) Secreted from Justaglomerular apparatus

False c) Secreted in response to reduced efferent arteriolar pressure

True d) Reduced Na+ content in fluid of distal convoluted tubule causes secretion

True e) Plasma renin activity measured in hypertension

Regarding Renin

Regarding Erythropoietin

Question: Regarding Erythropoietin

a) Released from Mesangial cells

b) Released from Interstitial Peritubular cells

c) is a glycoprotein

d) released from macula densa

e) Released from JG cells

Answer hint:

Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial peritubular cells in response to hypoxia. It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver. It is a glycoprotein.

Erythropoietin is released fro

1) Kidney (85%)

2) Liver (15%)

3) Spleen

4) Brain

5) Uterus

6) Salivary Gland

So the

Answer is Regarding Erythropoietin

False a) Released from Mesangial cells

True b) Released from Interstitial Peritubular cells

True c) is a glycoprotein

False d) released from macula densa

False e) Released from JG cells

Regarding Erythropoietin

Most Common Features of Heat Stroke

Most Common Features of Heat Stroke

a) Irritation

b) Fatigue

c) Tachycardia

d) Multiple Organ Failure

e) Headache

Answer: d) Multiple Organ Failure

Heat Stroke Treatment Davidson 22 Page 104

 

 

Heat stroke clinical features

• 
  

  Hot and not sweating

  
  


• 
  

  Multiple organ failure

  
  


• 
  

  shock

  
  


• 
  

  Confusion

  
  


• 
  

  aggression

  
  

Heat exhaustion clinical features

• 
  

  Hot and sweating

  
  


• 
  

  Dehydration

  
  


• 
  

  tachycardia

  
  


• 
  

  Irritability

  
  


• 
  

  fatigue

  
  


• 
  

  headache

  
  


• 
  

  weakness

  
  

Heat stroke occurs when the core body temperature rises above 40°C and is a life­threatening condition.

 

Most Common Features of Heat Stroke

Hard sign of UMNL include

a)      Hypertonia

b)      Superficial reflex lost

c)       Brisk knee jerk

d)      Babinski’s sign positive

Upper motor neuron lesion Davidson 22 page 1162

 

• Inspection Normal (may be wasting in chronic lesions)


• Tone Increased with clonus


• Pattern of weakness Preferentially affects extensors in arms, flexors in leg Hemiparesis, paraparesis or tetraparesis


• Deep tendon reflexes Increased


• Plantar response Extensor (Babinski sign)

 

So the most probable answer is a) Hypertonia and d) Babinski’s sign positive

Upper Motor Neuron Lesion Davidson 22 page 1145

Lesions  affecting  the  upper  motor  neuron  result  in  increased  tone,  most  evident  in  the  strongest muscle groups (i.e. the extensors of the lower limbs and the flexors of the upper limbs).  The increased tone is more apparent during rapid stretching (‘spastic catch’), but may suddenly give way with sustained tension (the ‘clasp-knife’ phenomenon).

Hypertonia may be is seen in other disorders. They include: Cerebral palsy, Stroke, Spinal cord injury.

Babinski sign: An important neurologic examination based upon what the big toe does when the sole of the foot is stimulated. If the big toe goes up, that may mean trouble.

This reflex is normal in children up to 2 years old. It disappears as the child gets older. It may disappear as early as 12 months.

The Babinski sign is known by a number of other names: the plantar response (because the sole is the plantar surface of the foot), the toe or big toe sign or phenomenon, and the Babinski reflex, response or phenomenon.

How to Elicit Babinski sign Video