What Homeowners Need to Know About Local Residential Roofing

What Homeowners Need to Know About Local Residential Roofing

HMPV: Is This the Next Big Threat?

HMPV: Is This the Next Big Threat?

8 Divisional Cancer Hospitals: A Glimpse into the Future

8 Divisional Cancer Hospitals: A Glimpse into the Future

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SSC Result 2018 Bangladesh All Education Board Results – Eboardresults

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10 Tips for increasing the Motivation of Students in the Classroom: There are many methods of motivation and also techniques for increasing it, but the motivation for students has its peculiar features. Let’s reflect on the question what motivates students in the highest degree and what the teacher can do in this regard.

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FCPS PEN Card Form Fill Up Instructions and Sample OMR Form

FCPS PEN Card Form Fill Up Instructions and Sample OMR Form

Bangladesh College of Physicians & Surgeons (BCPS) is the authority to take FCPS exam in Bangladesh. To Give FCPS Exam in Bangladesh, you have to get a PEN card. PEN means Primary Enrollment Number.

BCPS Official Website: http://www.bcpsbd.org/

I am Uploading the detail instructions and the sample OMR form (AIF – Applicant’s Information Form) Here.

 

After reading the above description, you will now proceed filling of 2 forms. One is AIF and another one is APE.

Sample of APE (Application for Primary Enrollment) FORM:

 

Remember, You need only following documents for PEN card FCPS mentioning in number 5 point:

• Recent passport size photos (2 copies)


• MBBS/BDC Certificate (Attested)


• BMDC Registration Certificate (Attested)


• Money Receipts of ____ Taka


• Final Prof Mark Sheet (Attested) (If Supplimentary exam, bring every copy)

Sample of (AIF – Applicant’s Information Form) FORM:

After Filling all the Forms, its time to submit the form. You have a khaki color envelop. You have to submit the following papers with serially as described below with stapling.

After Submission you will get PEN Card. Then after getting the PEN card you can apply for FCPS exam.

Sample FCPS exam Notice:

If you have further any query about FCPS exam of Bangladesh. Please feel free to contact with me.

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FCPS PEN Card Form Fill Up Instructions and Sample OMR Form

Essential Amino Acids - Mnemonics

Essential Amino Acids – Mnemonics

What is Essential Amino Acids?

An Essential amino acid or indispensable amino acid is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo by the organism being considered, and therefore must be supplied in its diet. – Source

Then again What is Amino Acids and what is the benefit of Amino Acids in our body?

Twenty percent of the human body is made up of protein. Protein plays a crucial role in almost all biological processes and amino acids are the building blocks of it. They are furthermore essential for healing wounds and repairing tissue, especially in the muscles, bones, skin and hair as well as for the removal of all kinds of waste deposits produced in connection with the metabolism. – Source

Though we are trying to give the Mnemonic of Essential Amino Acids:

“PVT TIM HALL”

Phe, Val, Thr, Trp, Ile, Met, His, Arg, Leu, Lys

Expanded and in the same order as above:

• Phenylalanine


• Valine


• Threonine


• Tryptophan


• Isoleucine


• Methionine


• Histidine


• Arginine


• Leucine


• Lysine

Alternatively : TT HALL V(ery) IMP(ortant) – From Essential Amino acids

Bengali Medical Mnemonics for Essential Amino Acids

“আইরিন ও তৃষা মিরপুরে ভাল লাল লাল থ্রী পিস পেয়েছে”

আইরিন = Isoleucine

তৃষা = Tryptophan

মিরপুরে = Methionine

ভাল = Valine

লাল = Leucine

 

লাল = Lysine

থ্রীপিস = Threonine

পেয়েছে = Phenylalanine

This Mnemonic is given by my room mate “Dr. Ankur Sarkar“. Heartiest thanks to him.

Arginine And Histidine are considered as Semi Essential Amino Acids.

You can also read the article to get that amino acids naturally in plants:

Need Protein? Here are 9 Amino Acids Found Abundantly in Plants

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Essential Amino Acids - Mnemonics

Neurology Suggestion for Post Graduate Exams

Neurology Suggestion for Post Graduate Exams

Prepared by Dr. Isha Ali

MBBS (Ibrahim Medical College)

FCPS Part-1 (Medicine), MD Part-1 (Cardiology, DMC)

HMO (DMCH)

**** Gait abnormalities??

1. Circumduction ——- Upper motor neuron lesion


2. Slapping’ due to foot drop ——–Lower motor neuron lesion L5 root or common peroneal nerve

1. Narrow-based, short strides —— Parkinsonism


2. Wide-based, short strides (marche à petits pas, magnetic gait) —-Frontal lobe lesion


3. Wide-based, irregular strides ——–Cerebellar lesion


4. High-stepping gait ———Dorsal column lesion/sensory neuropathy

***In older age groups?? Normally-

Pupils: tend to be smaller

Ankle reflexes: may be bilaterally absent

Vibration sense: may be reduced in the lower legs

*** Neurological Emergencies?

• Status epilepticus


• Stroke


• Guillain–Barré syndrome


• Myasthenia gravis (if bulbar and/or respiratory)


• Spinal cord compression


• Subarachnoid haemorrhage


• Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

**Nervous system comprises of neurons and neuroglial cells/supporting cells

–Neuron is the structural and functional unit of nervous system

–No. of neuroglial cells is more than that of neurons (commonly mistaken mcq)

–Neuron comprises of cell body and nerve fibres (axon and dendrites)

–Cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle and neurons are permanent cells

–Muscle cells and nerve cells are excitable!

–Mature neurons cannot divide but immature neurons and neuroglial cells can divide!

–In two brain areas, the hippocampus and olfactory bulb, there is strong evidence for generation of substantial numbers of new neurons

–Neuroglial cells include Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, Schwann cells, Ependymal cells

–Astrocytes are responsible for making blood-brain barrier, responsible for formation of scar tissue

–Oligodendrocytes are responsible for formation of myelin sheath in the CNS and Schwann cells are responsible for the same in PNS

–Microglia (derived from monocytes—-mesodermal origin)—known as macrophages

–Ependymal cells line up the ventricles

–Grey Matter—-Cell body, proximal part of axon, blood vessels, neuroglial cells

–White matter—Rest of the axon, blood vessels, neuroglial cells

** Learn cortical lobar functions from Davidson—-(important for Fcps Part-1)

***Frontal release signs are Grasp reflex, palmomental response, pout response (this ques came

during my Fcps Part-1 exam)

**Constructional apraxia found in Parietal(non-dominant) lesion

**Complex hallucinations found in temporal lobe lesion

**Impaired musical skills found in temporal(non-dominant) lesion

**Astereognosis found in parietal lobe lesion

**Broca’s area is located in Frontal lobe, lesion causes motor aphasia

**Wernicks area is located in Temporal lobe, lesion causes sensory aphasia

**Rhythm is processed on the dominant temporal side and melody/pitch on the non-dominant

–Learn the brainstem syndromes from Davidson??

 

***Wallenberg or Lateral medulla syndrome (V.V.V.V.V.V.I)???

-Ipsilateral 5th, 9th, 10th, 11th palsy

-Ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome

-Ipsilateral cerebellar signs

-Contralateral spinothalamic sensory loss

-Vestibular disturbance

**First line investigation for stroke patients—–CT scan of brain (high risk of radiation)

**MRI is useful to assess posterior fossa and temporal lobes(no risk of radiation)

 

**EEG?

–With closed eyes, the normal background activity is 8–13 Hz (known as alpha rhythm), most

prominent occipitally and suppressed on eye opening.

–Other waves—beta (faster than 13/s), theta (4–8/s) and delta (slower than 4/s).

–Sedative poisoning—there is increase in fast frequencies (beta)

–EEG is used in reduced consciousness, in encephalitis, in certain dementias such as

Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, sleep disorders, and in the classification and prognosis of epilepsy

–50% of patients with proven epilepsy will have a normal ‘routine’ EEG

***LP is contraindicated if there is any clinical suggestion of raised intracranial pressure

(papilloedema), depressed level of consciousness, or focal neurological signs suggesting a

cerebral lesion, when there is a risk of local haemorrhage (thrombocytopenia, DIC)—-if

adequate measures are not taken!!!!!!

**The quadriceps muscle is most commonly biopsied for muscle biopsy!

**Nerve conduction study?

–used in the disease of peripheral nervous system

–Recorded potential diminished but less or normal conduction—–Axial type

–Conduction block is more but recorded potential is normal——Demyelinating variety

**Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) are most commonly used to help differentiate CNS

demyelination from small-vessel white-matter changes

**EMG??

–Myopathy will cause muscle fibre splitting, which will result in a large number of smaller units

on EMG

–Axonal loss or destruction to the muscle will lead to increasing size of each individual unit on

EMG

‘Red flag’ symptoms in headache?

**Sudden onset??

-Subarachnoid haemorrhage

-Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis

-Pituitary apoplexy

-Meningitis

**Focal neurological symptoms??

-Intracranial mass lesion

-Vascular

-Neoplastic

-Infection

**Constitutional symptoms (Weight loss, General malaise, Pyrexia, Meningism, Rash)

-Meningoencephalitis

-Neoplastic (lymphoma or metastases)

-Inflammatory (vasculitic)

**Raised intracranial pressure (worse on wakening/lying down, associated vomiting)

Intracranial mass lesion

**New onset aged > 60 yrs

Temporal arteritis

**Primary headache syndromes??

• Migraine (with or without aura)


• Tension-type headache


• Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia (including cluster

headache)

• Primary stabbing/coughing/exertional/sex-related headache


• Thunderclap headache


• New daily persistent headache syndrome

*** Anxiety is the most common cause of dizziness in those under 65 years

Download Neurology Suggestion for Post Graduate Exams as PDF

Neurology Suggestion PDF

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C Reactive Protein Increase and Normal Disease - Mnemonic

C Reactive Protein Increase and Normal Disease

C–reactive protein (CRP) is an annular (ring-shaped), pentameric protein found in blood plasma, the levels of which rise in response to inflammation (i.e., C–reactive protein is an acute-phase protein of hepatic origin that increases following interleukin-6 secretion from macrophages and T cells).

C Reactive Protein is not raised in

Please Try to remember the mnemonics –

LUPA’S HOME

L = Leukaemia

U = Ulcerative colities

P = Pregnancy , Polycythemia

A = Anemia (Macrocytic)

S = SLE, Sjogren’s syndrom

H = Heart Failure

O = Old age

M = Myeloma

E = End Stage Renal Failure

C Reactive Protein is raised in

Please Try to remember the mnemonics –

CAMBRIAN

C = Connetive tissue disorder except SLE

A = Acute infection due to any virus, bacteria, fungus

M = Malignancy

B = Bacterial necrotizing infection

R = Rheumatica (Polymyalgia Rheumatica)

I = Induction of steroids

A = Acute Inflammatory Diease (Crohn’s diease, systemic vasculities, giant cell arterities)

N = Necrosis of myocardiam eg. Acute myocardial infection.

C Reactive Protein Increase and Normal Disease - Mnemonic

Pathological Changes in Osteoarthritis

Pathological Changes in Osteoarthritis

1. Remodeling of bone contour


2. Fibrillation and focal loss of hyaline cartilage


3. Marginal Osteophytes (ossification of new fibro-cartilage)


4. Subchondral sclerosis


5. Cysts


6. Secondary Bursitis


7. Capsular Thickening


8. Osteochondral Body


9. Synovial Hyperplasia


10. Secondary enthesopathy

What is enthesopathy?

In medicine, an enthesopathy refers to a disorder involving the attachment of a tendon or ligament to a bone. This site of attachment is known as the entheses.

If the condition is known to be inflammatory, it can more precisely be called an enthesitis.

Previous Year FCPS questions on “Pathological Changes in Osteoarthritis”

Pathological Changes in Osteoarthritis (FCPS July 2012)

1. Marginal Osteophytes


2. Remodeling of bone


3. Capsular thinning


4. hypoplastic synovial membrane


5. Subchondral Sclerosis

Ans: T T F F T

Pathological Changes in Osteoarthritis (FCPS Jan 2011)

1. Secondary Bursitis


2. Cysts formation


3. Osteochondral Body


4. Enthesopathy


5. Subchondral Sclerosis

Ans: T T T T T

Features of Osteoarthritis (FCPS July 2010)

1. Deformity of joints


2. Coarse crepitus due to rough articular surface


3. Bouchard’s nodes at distal interphalangeal joints


4. Heberden’s nodes at proximal interphalangeal joints


5. Structural changes are permanent

Ans: T T F F T

Bouchard’s node

Bouchard’s nodes are hard, bony outgrowths or gelatinous cysts on the proximal interphalangeal joints (the middle joints of fingers or toes.)

Heberden’s node

Heberden’s nodes are hard or bony swellings that can develop in the distal interphalangeal joints (DIP) (the joints closest to the end of the fingers and toes).

Pathological Changes in Osteoarthritis

Autosomal Dominant Disorders Mnemonic

Autosomal Dominant Disorders Mnemonic

There are several Autosomal Dominant Disorders Mnemonic present. I have collected all.

One of the simplest one is:

Mnemonic for autosomal dominant disorders is :

“Very Powerful DOMINANT Humans”

V– Von willibrands disease/ Von hippel lindau

P – Pseudo hypoparathyroidism

D – Dystrophia myotonica

O – Osteogenesis imperfecta/Osler-weber-rendu

M – Marfans syndrome

I – Intermittent porphyria

N – Neurofibramatosis

A – Achondroplasia, Adult polycystic kidney disease

N – Noonans syndrome

T– Tuberous sclerosis

H – Hypercholestrolemia

H – Huntington’s disease

H – Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

H – Hereditary spherocytosis

H – Hereditary non polyposis coli

H – Hereditary hemorrhagic telengiectasia

Most of the time you can just remember the part “DOMINANT”

Autosomal dominant diseases mnemonic with a visual covering

Osler Family is Hyper because Mary Huntington Von Turbo Sphereing MEN Across Hill.

• Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome (Osler


• Familial hypercholesterolemia (Family Hyper)


• Marfan’s syndrome (Mary)


• Huntington’s disease (Huntington)


• Von Recklinghausen’s Disease (Von)


• von Hippel-Lindau disease (Von)


• Tuberous sclerosis (Turbo)


• Hereditary spherocytosis (Sphereing)


• Multiple endocrine neoplasias (MEN)


• Achondroplasia (Across)


• Hypokalemic periodic paralysis (Hill)


• Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)

The picture shows a young Mary Huntington sphereing a globe full of MEN across a hill and she appears to be winning or probably have just won (Von), which makes the Osler Family very mad and hyper. Also note that the whole sphereing event is hosted by the ADPKD foundation.

Autosomal Dominant Disorders Bengali Mnemonic

“এক নিউ ফ্যামিলির মেয়ে পলি হেরে ভান করিয়া মার খেল”

এক = Achondroplasia

নিউ = Neurofibramatosis

ফ্যামিলি = Familial hypercholesterolemia, Familial adenomatous polyposis

মেয়ে = Myotonic Dystrophy

পলি = Polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)

হেরে = Hereditary spherocytosis (Sphereing)

ভান = Von Recklinghausen’s Disease (Von), Von Hippel-Lindau disease (Von)

করিয়া = Huntington’s disease (Huntington Chorea)

মার = Marfan’s syndrome

Reference:

1. http://www.medical-institution.com/mnemonic-for-autosomal-dominant-disorders/

2. http://www.medpreponline.com/2012/12/autosomal-dominant-diseases-mnemonic.html

Autosomal Dominant Disorders Mnemonic